خطاهای معمول در نوشتن مقالات انگلیسی
Common Errors in English Writing
در این بخش می خواهیم مشکلاتی که بسیاری از افراد در نوشتن مقاله های فارسی به انگلیسی با آن مواجه می شوند را ذکر کرده و راه حل درست را بیان نماییم.
خطاهای مرسوم در اعداد:
(روی عکس ها کلیک کنید تا با وضوح بیشتری ببینید)
استفاده های نادرست در مقالات :
یک اسم مفرد در انگلیسی غالبا با استفاده از “a” / “an” or “the.” می آیند. زمانیکه بصورت جمع بیاید معمولا the استفاده نمی گردد. و گاها این قوانین نیز نقص می شوند. در زیر به برخی از آنها اشاره می نماییم.
(روی عکس ها کلیک کنید تا با وضوح بیشتری ببینید)
(روی عکس ها کلیک کنید تا با وضوح بیشتری ببینید)
استفاده نادرست از حروف اضافه:
عبارات Loose/Lose; affect/effect:
(روی عکس ها کلیک کنید تا با وضوح بیشتری ببینید)
مشکلات متفرقه:
(روی عکس ها کلیک کنید تا با وضوح بیشتری ببینید)
استفاده غلط از ویرگول، خط فاصله، خط تیره و … :
When there are two objects with a joining “and”: a comma is NOT used after the first object. When there are three or more objects to be joined, a comma is used after each object in American English. In British English, you can drop the last comma.
Incorrect: The algorithm, and its working mechanism are complicated.
Correct: The algorithm and its working mechanism are complicated.
Incorrect: The contributions of this paper are twofold: a new algorithm, and its applications in engineering.
Correct: The contributions of this paper are twofold: a new algorithm and its applications in engineering.
Also correct: The contributions of this paper are threefold: a new algorithm, its applications in engineering, and the software programs needed for running the algorithm.
Incorrect: The algorithm, its working mechanism and its code were discussed (Note: this is correct in British English).
Correct: The algorithm, its working mechanism, and its code were discussed.
Compound sentences: When you have two or more independent (standalone) sentences joined by “and”: You need a comma.
Very common error:
Incorrect: Unfortunately, product quality is often unobservable and typically a consumer survey plays the role of a valuable tool for potential buyers.
Correct: Unfortunately, product quality is often unobservable, and typically a consumer survey plays the role of a valuable tool for potential buyers. (Note: if (and only if) the sentence is very short, you can drop that comma.)
چه زمانی یک ویرگول را احتیاج داریم :
Incorrect: At a time when there are questions about the independent viability of US Airways and XYZ Airlines have gone bankrupt, CEOs of small airlines need to take a deep breath and bring new ideas.
Correct: At a time when there are questions about the independent viability of US Airways, and XYZ Airlines have gone bankrupt, CEOs of small airlines need to take a deep breath and bring new ideas.
When commas are used as separators with “when,” “which,” “who,” “where” etc:
Generally, these commas are used to separate sentence fragments which are not essential.
Incorrect: The table’s first row, which contained the actual figures was full of errors.
Correct: The table’s first row, which contained the actual figures, was full of errors. (Note: If you want to drop the comma, drop both commas; but that usually makes the sentence more difficult to read.)
چه زمانی “that” استفاده میشود و ویرگول مستقل :
Incorrect: The table’s first row, that contained the actual figures, was full of errors.
Correct: The table’s first row that contained the actual figures was full of errors.
Sometimes, the separating commas cannot be used at all.
Incorrect: The algorithm, which took the most time, was not used in the final product.
Here the sentence fragment “which took the most time” is essential, and cannot be dropped. The sentence “The algorithm was not used in the final product” means something completely different. Hence, there are two correct versions:
Correct 1: The algorithm that took the most time was not used in the final product.
Correct 2: The algorithm which took the most time was not used in the final product.
استفاده از ویرگول در داخل و بعد از صفت ساخته شده از تاریخ:
Incorrect: The September 11, 2001, attacks disrupted the airline business.
Correct: The September 11, 2001 attacks disrupted the airline business.
Use of dashes: Usually, dashes, like separating commas, go in pairs (unless the fragment is the last part of the sentence):
Incorrect: For an in-depth discussion on these issues – which, by the way, can be time consuming you can also read the latest book on this topic.
Correct: For an in-depth discussion on these issues – which, by the way, can be time consuming – you can also read the latest book on this topic.
Compound adjectives and hyphens: Usually compound adjectives are connected via hyphens (although many Britishers don’t care for hyphens):
one to one correspondence —-> one-to-one correspondence
so called method —–> so-called method
مکان افعال زمانیکه در پایان جمله علامت سوال باشد:
Present tense: Oftentimes does/do is missing:
Incorrect: Why the manager seeks to implement a new policy?
Correct: Why does the manager seek to implement a new policy?
Past tense: Verb is often misplaced:
Incorrect: Where the CEO was when the ratings from JD Power & Associates were going south?
Correct: Where was the CEO when the ratings from JD Power & Associates were going south?
گردآورنده :
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